Environmental Enrichment
Environmental or behavioral enrichment is the process of enhancing an animal's environment to increase their physical activity, fulfill their psychological needs, and encourage engagement in species-typical behavior. Enrichment reduces stress, increases animal welfare, and promotes overall animal health by increasing an animal's perception of control over their environment and introducing novel stimuli into their daily routines.
ENRICHMENT RESOURCES
Environmental or behavioral enrichment is the process of enhancing an animal's environment to increase their physical activity, fulfill their psychological needs, and encourage engagement in species-typical behavior. Enrichment reduces stress, increases animal welfare, and promotes overall animal health by increasing an animal's perception of control over their environment and introducing novel stimuli into their daily routines.
Enrichment is most frequently talked about in the context of captive animal management situations such as zoos and laboratories, but shelters and sanctuaries also utilize complex behavioral husbandry programs to stimulate their residents. Domestic animals, such as livestock from pets, also massively benefit from purposeful enrichment strategies.
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All resources listed below are free to access unless otherwise noted.
ENRICHMENT PHILOSOPHY & ETHOS:
- Enrichment: What Is It, and Why Do You Want It?
- Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals (google book)
- Positive Reinforcement Training as an Enrichment Strategy
- Philosophy of Environmental Enrichment: Past, Present, and Future
- Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment For Captive Animals (google book)
- Sensory Stimulation as Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals: A Review
ENRICHMENT & WELFARE:
- A Dynamic Approach to the Study of Environmental Enrichment and Animal Welfare
- Animal Welfare Institute - Environmental Enrichment: A Review
- Effects of Predictability on the Welfare of Captive Animals
- Implication of Context-Dependent Decision-Making for the Use of Choice Tests in Animal Welfare Research (Page 32)
- The Challenge of Challenge: Can Problem Solving Opportunities Enhance Animal Welfare?
- The Potential of the Human–Animal Relationship as an Environmental Enrichment for the Welfare of Zoo-Housed Animals (paid access only)
- The Welfare of Zoo Animals (Page 13, Positive Reinforcement Training and Environmental Enrichment: Enhancing Animal Wellbeing)
- Zoo Animal Welfare (Chapter 6, Environmental Enrichment)
ENRICHMENT & STEREOTYPIES:
- Can't Stop, Won't Stop: Is Stereotypy a Reliable Animal Welfare Indicator?
- Scientific Approaches to Enrichment and Stereotypies in Zoo Animals: What’s Been Done and Where Should We Go Next?
- Stereotypical Animal Behavior; Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare (Part 9, Environmental Enrichment as a Strategy for Mitigating Stereotypies in Zoo Animals)
- Why and How Should We Use Environmental Enrichment to Tackle Stereotypic Behaviour?
ENRICHMENT RESEARCH:
- A Review of the Evaluation of Environmental Enrichment in Zoos (Page 41)
- Assessing Behavior Repertoires: A Tool For Evaluations of Environmental Enrichment? (Page 271)
- Bob the Builder VS the Big Plastic Pickle: A Tale of Normality, Novelty and Design (Page 71)
- Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Reproduction
- How Motivational Studies in Humans Could Provide New Insights to Animal Enrichment Science (Page 33)
- Thinking Outside the Cardboard Box: Taking Enrichment to the Next Level (Page 90)
- Wake Up and Smell The Enrichment: A Critical Review of an Olfactory Enrichment Study (Page 178)
ENRICHMENT PLANNING:
- The Five Enrichment Categories
- Enrichment Planning Flowchart
- Enrichment Gone Wrong!
- A Veterinary Assessment of the Risks and Benefits of Environmental Enrichment
- Enrichment Safety Database
- Proceedings from Regional Conferences on Environmental Enrichment (requires site registration)
- Select International Conference of Environmental Enrichment Proceedings (paid subscription required)
- The Shape of Enrichment Quarterly Publication (paid subscription required)
ENRICHMENT DESIGN, EFFICACY & ASSESSMENT
- Are We Just Feeding Carnivores or Are We Providing Enrichment as Well? (Page 248)
- Applied Problem-Solving to Diminish Abnormal Behavior (Page 126)
- A Quantitative Assessment of the Efficacy of an Environmental Enrichment Programme for Giant Panda
- Control and Complexity in Novel Object Enrichment
- Enriching Tortoises: Assessing Color Preference (paid access only)
- Enrichment for Australian Mammal Species: A Review (Page 79)
- Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates: Theory and Application
- Environmental Enrichment for the Captive Spectacled Bear
- Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching (Ag Guide) (Chapter 4, Enrichment)
- Guidelines for Developing and Managing An Environmental Enrichment Program for Nonhuman Primates
- Human Interaction as Environmental Enrichment for Pair-Housed Wolves and Wolf–Dog Crosses
- Keeping Birds in the Bush, Not in Hands: The Use of Cognitive Tasks as Individually Paced Enrichment (Page 15)
- Preliminary Evaluation of Environmental Enrichment Techniques For African Lions
- Tool Use Task as Environmental Enrichment for Captive Chimpanzees
- The Effects of Foraging Enrichment on the Behaviour of Parrots
- The Importance of Enrichment for Advancing Amphibian Welfare and Conservation Goals
- Training as Environmental Enrichment: Does Training Moderate Abnormal Behavior in NonHuman Primates? (page 118)
- Training Sea Turtles for Husbandry and Enrichment (Page 106)
ENRICHMENT REGULATION:
- NIH Guidelines for General Species Environmental Enrichment
- USDA Perspective on Environmental Enrichment for Animals
- AZA Accreditation Documents (Page 14, Enrichment)
SAMPLE ENRICHMENT DOCUMENTS:
- Why Animals Do The Thing: How to Understand Zoo Enrichment
BROOKFIELD ZOO'S NATURALISTIC BEHAVIORAL HUSBANDRY INITIATIVE:
- Chicago Zoological Society's Behavioral Husbandry Program Overview
- Chicago Zoological Society's Orangutan Husbandry Manual on Environmental Enrichment
- Chicago Tribune - Brookfield Zoo Innovations Have Animals Foraging for Food
- Chicago Tribune - Meet the Team that Designs Toys for Brookfield's Animals
DISNEY'S ANIMAL KINGDOM ENRICHMENT PROGRAM:
ZOO NEW ENGLAND:
MONTGOMERY ZOO:
- Best Friends Sanctuary - Cat Enrichment
- Companion Animal Psychology: Enrichment Tips for Cats (That Many Miss)
- Companion Animal Psychology: Vertical Space is Good Enrichment for Cats
- Environmental Enrichment: Practical Strategies for Improving Feline Welfare
- Environmental Enrichment Resources For Laboratory Animals (Page 27, Environmental Enrichment in Cats)
- Food Enrichment for Cats
- Oregon Zoo & Banfield Domestic Feline Enrichment Guide
- WebMD - Enriching Your Cat's Life
- Are Deaf Dogs and Blind Dogs just like other Dogs? (Paragraph 5, Deaf Dog Enrichment)
- Companion Animal Psychology: Six Ways to Entertain Your Dog Indoors
- Environmental Enrichment Resources For Laboratory Animals (Page 43, Environmental Enrichment in Dogs)
- Humane Society of Southern Arizona: Enrichment Activities for Your Dogs
- Indoor Pet Initiative: Environmental Enrichment for Dogs
- Lucky Dog Sports Club: Fighting Boredom In Dogs
- Pawsitively: Dog Enrichment
- Environmental Enrichment Resources For Laboratory Animals (Page 1, Environmental Enrichment in Birds)
PARROTS
REPTILES:
- American Association of Zookeepers: Suggested Guidelines For Reptile Enrichment
- Environmental Enrichment for Amphibians and Reptiles
AMPHIBIANS:
TURTLES & TORTOISES:
- Cow Signals: A practical Guide for Dairy Farm Management (Chapter 3, When Housed)
- Environmental Enrichment Resources For Laboratory Animals (Page 63, Environmental Enrichment in Farm Animals)
- Equine Enrichment Facebook Group
- Disney's Animal Kingdom The Curious Mouse
- Companion Animal Psychology: What's the Best Enrichment for Your Ferret?
- Enrichment and Play in Domestic Ferrets
- Environmental Enrichment Resources For Laboratory Animals (Page 113, Environmental Enrichment in Ferrets)
- Environmental Enrichment Resources For Laboratory Animals (Page 145, Environmental Enrichment in Rodents)
- Environmental Enrichment Resources For Laboratory Animals (Page 127, Environmental Enrichment in Rabbits)